Mutual Funds in India is gaining ground and getting popular as an investment option. The fund industry has witnessed healthy growth in last five years or so. Mutual Fund is a common pool of savings created by a number of investors. Mutual Fund is an ideal investment product for an individual investor. Different investors with common investment objective contribute to create a common pool of money. This money is then invested by fund manager according to the objective of the scheme.
In India mutual funds function as trust created under the Indian Trust Act, 1882. There are three layers of mutual fund in India. (i) Sponsors (ii) Trustee and (iii) Asset Management Company. Sponsors work as Promoters of the company. They take responsibility of starting mutual fund business. Sponsors contribute initial capital (40% of net worth of AMC) and appoint Trustees and Board of Trustees. Board of Trustees act as guardians of investors and ensure that money invested by investors is used according to the objective of the scheme. Asset Management Company is the public face of fund management business. Sponsors and Trustees together form AMC and appoint Fund Manager. Fund manager with help of fund management team makes all investment decisions.
In India mutual funds function as trusts. The sponsor of the fund appoints Board of Trustees who act as guardians of investor’s money. The board or Trustee Company, as an independent body acts as protector of the unit holder’s money. These trustees ensure that investor’s interest is safeguarded and that the AMCï's operations and Fund Manager’s actions are along the professional lines. To ensure independence of Board of Trustees, SEBI mandates a minimum of two-third independent directors on the board of Trustee Company.
Apart from Trustees, the entire mutual fund industry functions under the preview of SEBI. This structure and stringent guidance make investing in mutual funds safe and easy. Fund Managers also have to function within the broad framework and rules & regulations designed by AMC.
Investing in Mutual Fund: Mutual funds are considered as favourable investment vehicle for individual investors particularly for investors who have limited resources available in terms of capital and ability to carry out their investment decisions.
Different Types of schemes available under mutual funds:
These types of funds invest investor’s money in equity shares. This funds work on basic concept of high Risk ï' High Return'. Among all categories of products this type of funds has potential to generate highest return but investors have to face highest risk. As money gets invested in equity market, the performance of these types of funds largely depend on equity markets but fund managers due to their expertise and research tend to outperform benchmark indices over a long investment horizon.
Among equity funds, fund managers adopt different investment strategies and accordingly schemes can be divided. There can be different schemes like value funds, growth funds, sector funds, contra fund etc depending on the style of investment.Equity mutual funds are most suited for investment horizon of three years and above as in short term equity markets remain highly volatile. Within equity mutual fund basket there are numbers of options available to investors to choose from according to his risk taking capability. Equity funds can be broadly classified into Large Cap Funds, Mid Cap Funds and Blend Funds. Large Cap funds invest in blue-chip companies which offer stable return with low volatility.
Mid Cap funds as name suggest try to generate higher return by investing in small & mid cap companies which offer higher growth potential. Blend funds do not follow any market cap bias and create portfolio from any market universe.
These are the debt category of funds. They invest in fixed income generating instruments and that is why they are broadly called income funds. They invest in large universe of debt instruments like money market instruments, T bill, corporate bonds, government securities etc.
the main objective of Income funds is to generate steady return at lower level of risk. Based on underlying assets and duration these funds can be classified in different categories like gilt funds and income funds. As name suggests gilt funds invest only in government securities where as income funds invest in corporate bonds and debentures along with G secs. As gilt funds invest only in G sec there is no default risk involved. Both Income funds and Gilt funds are mainly affected by changes in interest rates in the economy.
These funds are normally used to park very short-term funds on a temporary basis. Investment horizon should ideally be from one day to three months. Investment is done in very short term debt instruments like inter bank call money market, T bills, Certificate of Deposits issued by government. As investment maturities are short, they are not vulnerable to interest rate risk. As name suggests, liquidity level is very high as investor gets money credited in his/her account within 24 hours of redemption.
These schemes are similar to equity schemes with only difference being it comes with 3 year lock in period and provide Section 80 C benefit under income tax. By investing Rs.1 lakh in any of the ELSS scheme available, an investor can save tax by claiming deduction under Section 80 C. Like equity funds, ELSS also invests in equity shares and subject to risks associated with stock market.
This is another type of classification of schemes. An open end fund is the one that sells and repurchase units at all times. An investor can buy or sell units from fund itself at prevailing NAV.
In close end fund, only one time sale of fixed number of units are made and investor can purchase units during that specific period. Closed end funds do not allow investors to buy or sell units directly from the fund. However to provide liquidity, close ended funds do get listed on the stock exchange and trade at premium or discount to NAV based on investor’s perception about fund performance and other factors. The number of outstanding units of a close-ended fund does not vary on account of trading in the fundi’s units on the exchange